KUMPULAN KARYA ILMIAH BAHASA INGGRIS TENTANG LINGKUNGAN HIDUP

ENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Environment, according to Law no. 23 of 1997, defined as a unity with all things space, power, state, and living things, including humans and their behavior, which influence the lives and well-being of humans and creatures. Basically the environment is known as a place where all living creatures live and conduct their daily lives.
In nowadays society no longer cared for the environment in which they live. It is seemingly the least of the people who care about environmental sustainability. Many people are damaging the environment or exploiting environmental exaggeration. This leads to changes in the environment.
In addition, human activities in their work also leads to environmental pollution. Many environmental pollutants cause to be polluted and dirty. It also occurs in the neighborhood lungkangan author.
Based on the conditions and circumstances in the environment, the authors of this paper compiled in order to provide information about the state of the environment has a lot of writers who polluted due to the activities surrounding communities.

1.2 Limitations

            In making this paper the author will discuss the definition of the environment and the type - the type of substances that cause environmental pollution. The author will discuss some problems, namely:
a. Environment and changes
b. Factors causing environmental changes
c. Environmental pollution and substances

1.3 Purpose

            Based upon the background is the reason for the author to make this paper, the authors make this paper with the aim to:
a. Told us about you to the readers of the environmental damage that occurred in the neighborhood where the author lived.
b. Can invite readers to reduce littering habits and cause environmental pollution.
c. To complete the task subjects Indonesian

1.4 Research Methods

            In making this paper, the authors use the method of literature. Authors studied several reference books in accordance with the problems that the authors discuss in this paper.
 The author also uses the research method, the authors review the location of the pollution in the environment writer.

CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION

A. Environment and Amendment.
            Environment, according to Law no. 23 of 1997, defined as a unity with all things space, power, state, and living things, including humans and their behavior, which influence the lives and well-being of humans and creatures. In environmental management, human beings have a very important role, because the environmental management ultimately intended to sustainability of human life on this earth.
            The term environment was first raised by Ernst Haeckel in 1886, which refers to the whole organism or patterns among organisms and their environment . Ecology is a branch of biology that studies the environment (ecosystem) or the planet as a whole. Environment has a very important function, namely as a residence and as a source of life.
            Ecosystem is the order of the elements of the environment which is a complete one-piece unit and affect each other in the form of balance, stability, and productivity of the environment. The role of ecosystems including:
a. Purification of air and water
b. Reduction of drought and flood
c. Establishment and maintenance of soil fertility
d. Detoxification (neutralization of poison) and decomposition (decomposition of waste)
e. Pollination of crops and natural vegetation
f. Seed dispersal
g. Cycles and movement of nutrients
h. Control the majority of potential agricultural pests is widely
i. Maintenance of biodiversity
j. Coastal protection from erosion by waves
k. Protection from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays
l. Stability of partial climate
m. Control of extreme weather and its impact

Development that is done today aims to meet human needs. Development priority for "economic growth" is not environmentally friendly. Everything was causing pollution and environmental damage. Impact on the environment as a result of depletion and waste of natural resources and environmental pollution include:
1. Improved B3 waste pollution (toxic waste material )
2. Increased acid rain
3. Gas depletion O3 (ozone) in the atmosphere which is the protective earth from cosmic rays are harmful to health.
4. Increase in greenhouse gases such as CO2, CH4, CPC, and N2O
5. Global warming
6. Extinction of tropical forests at a rate of 100,000 km2/tahun extinction
7. Degradation of the earth's biodiversity
8. Fertile soil shrinkage and improvement of degraded soils
9. Clean water crisis

            With these conditions, the environment needs to be regulated and managed properly so as to provide optimal benefits, meet the needs of the current generation of life without compromising its ability to meet the needs of future generations. Nowadays, it has developed a variety of ways to preserve the environment. Such as waste management and the use of alternative energy sources.


B. Factors causing changes in the environment.
1. Environmental changes caused by human activity.
1) Environmental pollution
2) Deforestation
3) Development
4) The use of pesticides
2. Environmental changes caused by natural factors
a. Flooding
b. Earthquake
c. Volcanic eruption

C. Environmental Pollution
1. Contamination
      In Law no. 4/1992 updated by Law no. 23/997 on environmental management is defined as the entry of living things, matter, energy, and / or other components into the environment and / or changing the order of the environment by human activity or by natural processes so that environmental quality drops to a certain level that causes the environment down to certain level that causes the environment to be less or can not function in accordance with their distribution. Thus the material is being introduced into the environment is a pollutant or pollutants.

2. Type - Type of Pollution.
a) Air Pollution
            The air in nature is never really free at all because contaminants natural activities such as volcanic activity, litter decay, and forest fires produce gases SO2, H2S, and CO as a byproduct. In addition, the particles can be dispersed by wind and volcanic activity. Other activities that can meningkatkkan pollutants in the air is a human activity. The primary sources of air pollutants are CO, NOx, hydrocarbons (HC), SOx, and particulate matter. The main sources of air pollutants from transportation accounts for nearly 60% CO and 15% HC.
Pollutants of air pollution are:
1) Carbon Dioxide (CO2).
Carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuel (oil or coal), the burning of natural gas and forests, respiration, and decay.
2) Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen monoxide (NO).
Derived from the use of fossil fuels (oil or coal), such as vehicle exhaust gases.
3) Carbon Monoxide (CO).
Derived from the use of fossil fuels (oil or coal) and motor vehicle exhaust gases that burn is not perfect. In addition, CO can also be derived from the burning of garbage and industrial.
4) Chloro fluoro carbon (CFC).
Derived from air conditioners, refrigerators, and equipment that use aerosol sprayers.
5) Dioxin.
Dioxin consists of 210 compounds including polychlorinated dibenzo-group p-dioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF). Dioxins are carcinogenic (cancer-causing substance alleged) strong and causes changes in hormone system, abnormal growth, interfere with the fetus, lowering reproductive capacity, and inhibition of the immune system.
Dioxin source is combustion of biomass fuels, agricultural waste, and garbage. Dioxin formation occurs when combustion of chlorine-containing materials such as sewage plants, many types of paper, and various types of plastic, as well as leaded gasoline containing chlorine. Spread of airborne dioxin can then settle on the ground, buildings, water, leaves, and others.
6) Nitrogen Oxide (NO).
Most sources of NO is released from the activity of bacteria in the form of NO but did not cause a problem since spread evenly. Another source of problems is derived from human activities such as burning coal, oil, natural gas and gasoline / transportation because it can accumulate in a specific location in large enough quantities. NO gas can cause damage to plants, such as the emergence of spots on the leaves, necrosis, to inhibit the photosynthesis rate. In addition, NO can cause paralysis of the nervous system in animals.
7) Hydrocarbons (HC) and Photochemical Oxidants.
Hydrocarbons resulting from human activities with the main source of transportation (about 50%), burning gas, oil, wood charcoal late, industrial processes, waste disposal, forest fires, and so on. HC pollutants danger comes from the results of photochemical reactions involving sunlight and NO fotolitik cycle. HC and oxides photochemical effects against a variety of plants such as necrosis, damaged young leaves, stunting, and flower parts dead. While the impact on humans include irritation of mucous and eyes, respiratory system disorders and loss of coordination.
8) Lead (Pb).
Pb gas generated from the combustion of gasoline additives. Another source of Pb particles are factory alkyl Pb and Pb oxide and charcoal burning.
9) Sulfur Oxides (SO).
Derived from volcanic activity early human activities such as burning coal, oil, and gas. Other sources are industrial processes such as petroleum refining, industry H2SO4, and steel smelting. the impact of sulfur on plants causing leaf color pale, dry, and die while chronic effects caused due to the formation of a yellow leaf chlorophyll blocked. Influence on the human cause irritation to the respiratory system and is a pollutant harmful to the elderly and people with chronic respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
10) Particle.
This type of pollutants in the air are quite high in number, especially in the city. The source comes from vulksnik activities while the main source of human activity followed by the burning of industries such as steel smelting. Particles interfere with the process of photosynthesis because the crust is formed from a mixture of particles and water vapor in the leaves are not washed away by rain water.


11) the greenhouse effect.
Greenhouse could lead to global warming, the earth's temperature is rising due to increasing greenhouse gases and lead to increased energy content led to climate change, among others, the frequency and intensity of storms and other extreme events.

b) Water Pollution
Sources of water pollution include the following:
1) Solids
Pollutants in the solid state is divided into the sedimented solids (sediment), suspended and colloidal, dissolved, fats, and oils. Sediment is solid if the water is allowed to stand directly precipitate a while because its size is relatively large. sediments are common solids found in the surface water due to erosion. Solids causing a turbid river water, not dissolved, and the company can not settle unless there is balance disorders cause clumping and settling.
2) Agricultural Waste.
Tillage activities (causing sedimentation), fertilization, and pest control is an activity that is the source of agricultural waste into waters of the release because usually not all fertilizers and pesticides are used. Nutrient-rich fertilizer elements will cause eutrophication and ecosystem damage. Some pollutants are commonly used in agriculture:
¹ Drug insecticides, can kill aquatic biota.
¹ Fertilizers, causing eutrophication, which is a condition that leads to a lack of oxygen and encourages anaerobic organism lives.
3) Household Waste.
¹ The organic matter, causing dead water biota.
¹ Inorganic Materials, causing flooding.
¹ biological material, causing disease.


4) Industrial Waste.
Industrial waste includes organic materials and inorganic materials.
5) Microorganisms
Microorganisms in the water from the air, soil, waste, sludge, plant / animal life and death, as well as other organic materials. Long absence of microorganisms in the water depending on the suitability of water conditions on the condition of his life. Water can be a medium for the spread of dangerous pathogens. Number and types of microorganisms depends on sumbeer water, nutrient components in water, toxic materials, water organisms, and physical factors.
6) Heavy Metal.
Heavy metal pollutants in waters often are Hg, Pb, As, Cd, Cr, and Ni. Mercury is found naturally in the form incorporated with the other ingredients and spread over rocks, soil, air, and water and organism through physical, chemical, and biological complexes.
7) Using Fishing with poison.
Fishing using toxic materials (such as potassium), but can contaminate water, can also kill baby fish or fingerlings are still small, and other organisms that are in the water environment.
c) Soil Pollution.
Type of soil pollutants, namely:
1) Organic xenobiotic compounds.
      These compounds are found in the soil and some are known to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing), teragenik, and or mutagenic (causes mutations). This compound entered directly into the natural environment from pesticide use or leakage due to accidents or indirectly through improper waste disposal in the form of polluting gas emissions, contamination of runoff water, or liquids resulting from composting.


2) Nitrate and Phosphate.
Nitrate and phosphate discharged into waters in the form of household waste, industrial waste, water run-off from urban and rural, and agricultural waste. Impacts that may occur as a result of nitrogen in the soil is fertile missed conditions, pollution in sources of drinking water that could potentially cause cancer.
            3) Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides.
            4) Metal.
Biotransfer toxic metals from contaminated soils to plants that eventually consumed by humans and other domestic animals. Metal can be in the form of the mineral part of the soil, terndapkan compounds, absorbed in organic and inorganic exchange on the surface, dissolved in a solution of organic soil, and biota in the body.
            5) Other Pollutants.
Other soil pollutant source is feces, causing increased worm disease. Other soil contaminants are timbale (Pb) of gasoline to transport become important sources of contaminants.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 Conclusions

Based on the above discussion it can be concluded that the environmental conditions in the neighborhood we had a lot of people contaminated by the day-to-day activities.
The environment is a place for all living things, whether human, animal, or plant. This occurs when environmental changes caused by:
a. Human activity
b. changes in natural conditions.

            In the neighborhood school environment writer and also the author of many environmental contamination. Mostly due to indiscriminate dumping by the public. Contamination occurred, ie soil pollution, water pollution, and air pollution.
            As for materials - materials that pollute the environment many of them:
1. Waste from household activities.
2. Industrial waste is not on though before disposal.
3. Resulting from the use of agricultural waste which does not fit the rules.


3.2 Advice

After knowing the environmental conditions around the dwelling writers, readers should also lived in the same neighborhood with the author moved to preserve the environment and do not throw rubbish indiscriminately. Because this environment is important to our environment preserved to improve the quality of our lives

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